Within three weeks, mpox cases have increased by +4’758 to cumulative 14’078 confirmed cases (all clades), including 55 deaths. The following countries have reported new cases of clade I between 03 to 24 Nov 2024:
No new clade I cases have been reported within 3 weeks from Congo (22 clade Ia cases), Zimbabwe (2 clade Ib cases), and Zambia (1 clade Ib case).
A significant number of suspected mpox cases, that are clinically compatible with mpox remain untested due to limited diagnostic capacity in some African countries and thus never get confirmed.
For updates, details, suspected cases, epidemic curves, see WHO LINK).
Follow local media and local health authority advice. Prevention measures should be followed during a stay in countries where mpox is endemic/epidemic (see also Factsheet Mpox).
General precautions
Vaccination
A vaccination against mpox is available (Jynneos®, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic). The Swiss Expert for Travel Medicine recommends vaccination against mpox in following situations, as of 3 October 2024 (the recommendation will be updated regularly depending on the development of the outbreak):
1. People staying or travelling to Province Equateur and / or Eastern D.R. Congo (South/North Kivu) and / or Burundi in case of:
2. People staying outside of Province Equateur and / or Eastern D.R. Congo (South/North Kivu) and / or Burundi (worldwide) in case of:
At the present time, it is assumed that the available vaccine against mpox (e.g. Jynneos®) is also effective against clade I. This vaccine is considered safe and highly effective in preventing severe mpox disease.
In case of symptoms
If you are diagnosed with mpox:
For clinicians:
Further information on evaluation and diagnosis: see CDC LINK.
The death of a young man who was bitten by a pet dog has triggered a debate about the spread of rabies in Morocco.
According to data from the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Morocco recorded 414 cases of rabies between 2000 and 2020, averaging 20 cases per year, with 180 of these cases involving children under 15.
Information about rabies and what to do if exposed is important for all travellers!
Prevention: Avoid contact with animals! Do not feed animals either! Pre-exposure vaccination is particularly recommended for travelers with increased individual risk (working with animals, travel on two-wheelers, to remote areas, young children, cave explorers, possible contact with bats, frequent travels etc.).
Behavior after exposure: After an animal bite/scratch: immediately wash the wound with water and soap for 15 minutes, then disinfect and in any case visit a medical center for post-exposure vaccination as soon as possible! For more information: see Flyer rabies.
According to WHO, between 2 to 29 September 2024 (week 36 to 39), 17 countries shared their meningitis epidemiological data.
Epidemic:
Alert:
For previous epidemics and alerts, see EpiNews or news at www.healthytravel.ch.
Vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (Menveo® or Nimenrix®) is recommended:
If no alert or epidemic is reported, vaccination is recommended for travel to the ‘meningitis belt’ during the dry season (typically occurring from December to June) across sub-Saharan Africa if
According to WHO, between 29 to 1 September 2024 (week 31 to 35), 19 countries shared their meningitis epidemiological data.
Epidemic:
Alert:
For previous epidemics and alerts, see EpiNews or news at www.healthytravel.ch.
Vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (Menveo® or Nimenrix®) is recommended:
If no alert or epidemic is reported, vaccination is recommended for travel to the ‘meningitis belt’ during the dry season (typically occurring from December to June) across sub-Saharan Africa if
In 2024, as of 06 October 2024, 16 countries have reported 7’524 confirmed cases (+770 new confirmed cases within 1 week), including 32 deaths. The three countries with the majority of the cases in 2024 (all clades) are Democratic Republic of the Congo (6’169), Burundi, (n = 987), and Nigeria, (n = 84).
(Note: A significant number of suspected mpox cases that are clinically compatible with mpox remain untested due to limited diagnostic capacity in some African countries and therefore never got confirmed.)
In 2024, 15 countries have reported both 31’527 suspected and laboratory tested cases (+5’160 within 1 week, all clades), including 998 suspected and confirmed deaths (+2 within 1 week).
According to WHO, in 2024 as of 29 Sept 2024 the cumulative confirmed mpox cases (+ cases since last update 29 Sep 2024) were reported in the below mentioned countries (for updates, details, suspected cases, epidemic curves, see WHO LINK):
Clade Ia and b:
Clade Ib
Clade Ia:
Clade II (a and/or b):
In addition, mpox cases have been reported in Africa in 2024 without specification of the clade:
Epicurve for Ib clade cases as 6 October 2024:
Follow local media and local health authority advice. The following prevention measures should be followed during a stay in countries where mpox is endemic/epidemic (see also Factsheet Mpox).
General precautions
Vaccination
A vaccination against mpox is available (Jynneos®, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic). The Swiss Expert for Travel Medicine recommends vaccination against mpox in following situations, as of 3 October 2024 (the recommendation will be updated regularly depending on the development of the outbreak):
1. People staying or travelling to Province Equateur and / or Eastern D.R. Congo (South/North Kivu) and / or Burundi in case of:
2. People staying outside of Province Equateur and / or Eastern D.R. Congo (South/North Kivu) and / or Burundi (worldwide) in case of:
At the present time, it is assumed that the available vaccine against mpox (e.g. Jynneos®) is also effective against clade I. This vaccine is considered safe and highly effective in preventing severe mpox disease.
In case of symptoms
If you are diagnosed with mpox:
For clinicians:
In 2024, as of 01 September 2024, 15 countries have reported 3’891 confirmed cases, including 32 deaths. The three countries with the majority of the cases in 2024 are The Democratic Republic of the Congo, (n = 3’361), Burundi, (n = 328), and Nigeria (n = 48).
Note: a significant number of suspected cases, that are clinically compatible with mpox are not tested due to limited diagnostic capacity and never get confirmed. WHO efforts on integrating these data is currently ongoing and will be included in future updates. Not all countries have robust surveillance systems for mpox, so case counts are likely to be underestimates.
According to WHO, in 2024 as of 1 Sept 2024, mpox due to monkeypox virus clade I were reported in (for updates, details, epidemic curves, see WHO LINK):
Clade Ia and b:
According to Africa CDC, update 31 Aug 2024: Since the last update (23 August 2024 ), the MoH reported 1’838 confirmed, 1’095 suspected and 35 deaths (CFR: 2.2%) of mpox from 16 provinces. This is a 137% increase in the number of new cases reported compared to the last update. Cumulatively, 4’799 confirmed, 17’801 suspected and 610 deaths (CFR: 3.4%) of mpox have been reported from all 26 provinces in DRC. Children <15 years accounted for 66% of cases and 82% of deaths. Of the confirmed cases, 73% were males. Clade Ia and Ib was isolated from the confirmed cases.
Clade Ib
Clade Ia:
Mpox due to monkeypox virus clade II (a and b) reported in 2024 (for updates, details, epidemic curves, see WHO LINK):
In addition, mpox cases have been reported in Africa without specification of the clade in 2024:
Clades globally detected (1 Jan 2022 to 01 Sept 2024), Link Outbreak status (active transmission = red), Link
WHO conducted the latest global mpox risk assessment in August 2024. Based on the available information, the risk was assessed as:
WHO risk assesment, see LINK.
Follow local media and local health authority advice. The following prevention measures should be followed during a stay in countries where mpox is endemic/epidemic (see also Factsheet mpox).
General precautions
Vaccination
A vaccination against mpox is available (Jynneos®, manufactured by Bavarian Nordic). The Swiss Expert for Travel Medicine recommends vaccination against mpox in following situations, status 30 August 2024 (the recommendation will be updated regularly depending on the development of the outbreak):
1. People staying or travelling to Eastern D.R. Congo and Burundi in case of:
(of note: broader indication is under discussion)
2. People staying outside of Eastern D.R. Congo and Burundi (worldwide) in case of
At the present time, it is assumed that the available vaccine against mpox (e.g. Jynneos®) is also effective against the new clade I. This vaccine is considered safe and highly effective in preventing severe mpox disease.
In case of symptoms
If you are diagnosed with mpox:
For clinicians:
Masernausbrüche werden aus mindestens 14 Ländern Afrikas berichtet mit einigen Hundert bis mehreren Tausend Fällen seit Jahresbeginn 2021.
Masern sind eine hoch ansteckende Viruserkrankung, die über die Atemwege übertragen wird. Sie ist in der ganzen Welt verbreitet. Mit einem Impfstoff lässt sich die Krankheit sehr wirksam verhindern.
Folgen für Reisende
Eine Reise bietet eine ideale Gelegenheit, den Schutz vor Masern zu kontrollieren (2x geimpft oder durchgemachte Masern) und wenn nötig den Impfschutz zu aktualisieren.
Referenzen
Hepatitis A occurs all over the world, but the risk of infection is higher in countries with poor hygiene standards. There is an increased risk in most tropical and subtropical countries, as well as in some countries in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean.
In recent years, there have also been increasing cases in North America and Europe, including Switzerland, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Outbreaks in northern European countries can also occur when unvaccinated children become infected during family visits to tropical and subtropical countries. Upon return, they may transmit the virus within their care facilities.
There is a safe and very effective vaccine that consists of two injections at least 6 months apart. It provides lifelong protection after the second dose. Hepatitis A vaccination can also be given in combination with hepatitis B vaccination (3 doses required).
Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended for all travellers to risk areas, as well as for persons at increased personal risk: persons with chronic liver disease, men who have sex with men, people who use or inject drug, persons with increased occupational contact with persons from high-risk areas or populations, and others.
All travellers should have completed a basic immunisation and boosters according to the Swiss vaccination schedule, LINK.
All travellers should have completed a basic immunisation and boosters according to the Swiss vaccination schedule, LINK.
Travellers should be immune to chickenpox. Persons between 13 months and 39 years of age who have not had chickenpox and who have not received 2 doses of chickenpox vaccine should receive a booster vaccination (2 doses with minimum interval of 4 weeks), see Swiss vaccination schedule, LINK.
No treatment against rabies disease exists!
Post-exposure measures: clean the wound immediately with plenty of water and soap for 10-15 minutes, then disinfect the wound (e.g. Betadine®, Merfen®), and immediately (i.e. during the trip!) get emergency post-exposure vaccination against rabies: for those having received full pre-exposure rabies vaccination before travel, two additional vaccine shots (any available brand) at an interval of 3 days suffice and should be administered as soon as possible on site (i.e. also while travelling). If full pre-exposure vaccination has not been given, in addition to vaccination, passive immunization is required with immunoglobulins within the shortest delay on site.
Of note, immunoglobins (and sometimes vaccines) are often unavailable in low-resource settings, causing stress and uncertainty. Tetanus booster vaccination may be also warranted.
Petting any mammals while travelling is not a good idea, even if they are cute! Do not feed them! Refrain from touching wild or unfamiliar or dead animals.
Vaccination against rabies (preexposure vaccination) is highly recommended for:
The shortened vaccination schedule can be proposed to most travellers: 2 doses given at least 7 days apart before departure. A single lifetime booster dose (3rd dose) is recommended after one year or later when further travelling to rabies endemic countries is undertaken. If you have an immune deficiency, please consult your doctor, as different vaccination intervals apply to you.
“Cook it, boil it, peel it or forget it” – this simple slogan would be sufficient to prevent typhoid fever nearly entirely. However, only few travelers fully adhere to this advice. Nevertheless, the value of food and water hygiene cannot be stressed enough: avoid buying water bottles without proper sealing, avoid drinking tap water from unknown sources, avoid eating cooled / frozen foods (i.e. ice cubes in water or ice cream) and avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables that you yourself have not peeled and washed with clean drinking water.
Two types of vaccines are available:
There is a risk of arthropod-borne diseases other than malaria, dengue, chikungunya or zika in sub-/tropical regions, and some areas of Southern Europe. These include the following diseases [and their vectors]:
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
Wichtig: Eine STI kann auch ohne oder mit nur leichten Symptomen auftreten. Auch wenn Sie sich dessen nicht bewusst sind, können Sie andere anstecken. Deshalb ist es wichtig sich testen zu lassen.
Durch Bakterien oder Parasiten hervorgerufen
Alle diese Krankheiten können geheilt werden. Wichtig ist dabei, frühzeitig zu testen und umgehend zu therapieren, um Komplikationen und v.a. weitere Übertragungen zu vermeiden.
Durch Viren hervorgerufen
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Dengue.pdf
EKRM_Factsheet_Layperson_EN_Mosquito-and-tick-bite-protection.pdf
The incubation period (time between infection and onset of symptoms) ranges from a 2 to 21 days (usually 5 to 10 days). The onset of MVD is usually abrupt, with initially non-specific, flu-like symptoms such as a high fever, severe headache, chills and malaise. Rapid worsening occurs within 2–5 days for more than half of patients, marked by gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia, abdominal discomfort, severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. As the disease advances, clinical manifestations can become more severe and include liver failure, delirium, shock, bleeding (hemorrhaging), multi-organ dysfunction and death.
In case of symptoms
If think that you have had an exposure at risk and develop fever with nonspecific symptoms such as chills, headache, muscle pain, malaise or abdominal pain:
The risk for travellers is very low if the below precautions are followed, but it is high for family members and caregivers who have contact with sick people.
General precautions during travel to affected areas:
Mpox has been commonly found in West and Central Africa for many years where the suspected reservoir - small mammals - is endemic. There are two types of Monkeypox virus called ‘clades’ that cause the disease mpox - clade I in Central Africa and clade II in West Africa. Since the end of smallpox vaccination campaigns in the early 1980’s, cases of mpox have increased, slowly at first and significantly in the last 5-10 years, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
In 2022, a new emerging subclade of clade II was responsible for a global epidemic that spread mainly through sexual contact among men who have sex with men. It resulted in the first public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) declared by the WHO until 2023. Although the clade II epidemic is now under control, this virus variant continues to circulate worldwide.
In 2024, the continued spread of mpox clade I in endemic regions of Central Africa, particularly in the DRC, and the emergence of a new subclade Ib in Eastern DRC and neighboring countries have raised global concern and prompted the WHO to declare a PHEIC for the second time in two years. The current geographical spread of the mpox clade Ib variant occurs via commercial routes through sexual contact (e.g. sex workers), followed by local transmission in households and other settings (which is becoming increasingly important).
Animal to human transmission
Mpox can spread from animal to human when they come into direct contact with an infected animal (rodents or primates).
Human to human transmission
Mpox can be spread from person to person through close physical contact (sexual and non-sexual contact) with someone who has symptoms of mpox. Skin and mucous membrane lesions, body fluids, and scabs are particularly infectious. A person can also become infected by touching or handling clothing, bedding, towels, or objects such as eating utensils/dishes that have been contaminated by contact with a person with symptoms. Household members, family caretakers, and sexual partners of a confirmed case of mpox are at higher risk for infection as are health care workers who treat a case without adequate personal protection.
The incubation period (time between infection and onset of symptoms) ranges from a few days up to 3 weeks. Mpox causes a rash / skin eruption that can be painful associated with swollen lymph nodes and fever. Fever may start already before the rash phase. Other symptoms include muscle aches, back pain, and fatigue. The rash may be localized or generalized, with few or hundreds of skin lesions. It mainly affects the face, the trunk and the palms of hand and soles of the feet. It can also be present in genital areas and on mucous membranes such as in the mouth and throat. Symptoms usually last 2 to 4 weeks and the person remains contagious until all lesions have healed (once the cabs have fallen off).
Complications include secondary bacterial infections, infections of the lung and brain and involvement of other organs, still birth and others. Children, pregnant women, and people with weak immune systems are at higher risk to develop a severe form of mpox.
The majority of person with mpox recovers spontaneously and do not need specific antiviral treatment. Care management consists of relieving pain and other symptoms and preventing complications (e.g., superinfection). Several antiviral treatments are studied in various countries and may be used in trials or in clinical situations according to the recommendations of national medical societies.
In case of symptoms:
General precautions:
Vaccination:
There are several vaccines against mpox (e.g. Jynneos®, manufacture Bavarian Nordic). The Bavarian Nordic vaccine was originally developed to fight against smallpox, but offers a cross-protection against mpox. In Switzerland, the Jynneos® vaccine has been licensed by Swissmedic since 2024. Groups at risk (e.g., men who have sex with men or transgender people with multiple sex partners) are eligible for vaccination since 2022 and this recommendation remains unchanged (see FOPH recommendations). In light of the epidemiological situation in Africa in 2024, the Swiss Expert Committee for Travel Medicine recommends vaccination against mpox for professionals who are / will be in contact with suspect mpox patients or animals in endemic/epidemic regions or who work in a laboratory with the virus (for updates, see news).
The risk to the general population and travelers (tourists) is considered extremely low if the above-mentioned general precautions are followed and vaccination is not recommended.
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